Key-works:

The Temple of Portunus, Rome, ca. 100 BCE. Travertine, tufa, concrete.

The Pantheon, Rome, 118-125 CE. Concrete, brick, and marble.

Second Style wall-painting from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50-40 BCE. Fresco.

The “Ixion Room” at the House of the Vettii at Pompeii. Fourth Style wall painting, c. 70-79 CE. Fresco.

The “Tivoli General”. Portrait of a Roman nobleman from Tivoli (outside of Rome), ca. 75-50 BC. Marble.

Portrait of Augustus as a general (the “Primaporta Augustus”), from Primaporta, Italy (near Rome), ca. 10 CE. Marble.

Panel showing Tellus (Earth-goddess) surrounded by symbols of peace and plenty, from the east side of the Ara Pacis, Rome, 13-9 BCE. Marble relief-sculpture.

Decursio relief, relief-sculpture from the pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, ca. 161 CE. Marble.

Portraits of the four Tetrarchs, from Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), ca. 305 CE. Porphyry.

Keywords:

Concrete: A composition of stone chippings, sand, gravel, pebbles, etc., formed into a mass with cement; used for building under water, for foundations, pavements, walls, etc. (OED)  English Etymology: First cited in 1520s, “that which is material or not abstract,” a noun use of the adjective ‘concrete’. Meaning “a mass formed by concretion” is from 1650s, from the literal sense of Latin concretus. Hence “building material made from sand, gravel, stone chips, etc., cemented together” (1834). (Online Etymology Dictionary).

barrel vault: A structure of stones or bricks so combined as to support each other over a space and serve as a roof or covering to this; an arched surface covering some space or area in the interior of a building, and usually supported by walls or pillars; an arched roof or ceiling. (OED)

groin vault: A complex vault, formed by the intersection of two solids, whose surfaces coincide with the intrados of the arches, and are not confined to the same heights. (OED)

fresco: A kind of painting executed in water-colour on a wall, ceiling, etc. of which the mortar or plaster is not quite dry, so that the colours sink in and become more durable. (OED)

veristic (verism vs. naturalism):

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